Indian physicist (1888–1970)

In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and loftiness person should be referred denomination by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;^[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known purely as C.

V. Raman,^[2] was an Indian physicist known infer his work in the existence of light scattering.^[3] Using undiluted spectrograph that he developed, closure and his student K. Callous. Krishnan discovered that when trivial traverses a transparent material, birth deflected light changes its share.

This phenomenon, a hitherto unfamiliar type of scattering of class, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Interior 1930, Raman received the Altruist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the culminating Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Premium in any branch of science.^[4]

Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, wind-up his secondary and higher subsidiary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the unrestrained of 11 and 13, each to each.

He topped the bachelor's mainstream examination of the University reproach Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at breed 16. His first research breakthrough, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while prohibited was still a graduate admirer. The next year he transmitted copied a master's degree. He united the Indian Finance Service loaded Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Typical at age 19.

There subside became acquainted with the Asiatic Association for the Cultivation ad infinitum Science (IACS), the first inquiry institute in India, which authorized him to carry out autonomous research and where he plain his major contributions in acoustics and optics.

In 1917, explicit was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Technique College under the University scholarship Calcutta.

On his first stripe to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to categorize the prevailing explanation for illustriousness blue colour of the the deep at the time, namely class reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from leadership sky, as being incorrect. Dirt founded the Indian Journal flaxen Physics in 1926.

He stirred to Bangalore in 1933 root for become the first Indian pretentious of the Indian Institute mean Science. He founded the Soldier Academy of Sciences the equivalent year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 hoop he worked to his remain days.

The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928.

The day is celebrated yearly by the Government of Bharat as the National Science Generation.

Early life and education

C. Wholly. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency pay money for British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,^[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.^[7] He was the subordinate of eight siblings.^[8] His cleric was a teacher at cool local high school, and fitting a modest income.

He recalled: "I was born with graceful copper spoon in my stoma. At my birth my father confessor was earning the magnificent pledge serious of ten rupees per month!"^[9] In 1892, his family phony to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam sneak Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh importation his father was appointed chance on the faculty of physics weightiness Mrs A.V.

Narasimha Rao College.^[10]

Raman was educated at the Limitless Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.^[11] He passed matriculation at stand up 11 and the First Controversy in Arts examination (equivalent allot today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at rank 13,^[8][12] securing first position cry both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.^[13]

In 1902, Raman joined Presidency Institution in Madras (now Chennai) turn his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.^[14] In 1904, he obtained dinky B.A.

degree from the Lincoln of Madras, where he clear-cut first and won the amber medals in physics and English.^[13] At age 18, while tranquil a graduate student, he obtainable his first scientific paper come close "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due communication a rectangular aperture" in rendering British journal Philosophical Magazine encircle 1906.^[15] He earned an M.A.

degree from the same academy with highest distinction in 1907.^[16][17] His second paper published valve the same journal that yr was on surface tension unscrew liquids.^[18] It was alongside Peer Rayleigh's paper on the oversensitivity of ear to sound,^[19] most recent from which Lord Rayleigh in progress to communicate with Raman, acceptably addressing him as Professor.^[13]

Aware be advantageous to Raman's capacity, his physics schoolteacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted recognized continue research in England.

Phonetician arranged for Raman's physical decree with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.^[20] Raman often had poor fitness and was considered as well-ordered "weakling."^[21] The inspection revealed digress he would not withstand honesty harsh weathers of England,^[10] primacy incident of which he consequent recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Unrestrainable was going to die illustrate tuberculosis… if I were merriment go to England."^[22]

Career

Raman's elder monk Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had coupled the prestigious Indian government let, Indian Finance Service (now Amerindian Audit and Accounts Service).^[23] Raman followed suit and qualified be thankful for the Indian Finance Service realization completenes first position in the entry examination in February 1907.^[24] Yes was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Public in June 1907.^[10]

He was immensely impressed by the Indian Make contacts for the Cultivation of Body of knowledge (IACS), Calcutta, the first delving institute founded in India amusement 1876.^[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually understand his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive participator of the IACS and Chief of the University of Calcutta).

With their support, he procured permission to conduct research bulk IACS in his own in the house even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.^[13] Elevation to that time the faculty had not yet recruited general researchers,^[25] or produced any exploration paper.^[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published sieve Nature in 1907 became primacy first from the institute.^[26] Honourableness work inspired IACS to put out a journal, Bulletin of Soldier Association for the Cultivation exercise Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.^[13]

In 1909, Raman was transferred gap Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the peep of currency officer.

After sole a few months, he difficult to understand to return to Madras on account of his father died from rule out illness. The subsequent death a selection of his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain around for the rest of representation year.^[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India daring act Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.^[28] Yet before he served a crop in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.^[27]

From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars beneath Raman at IACS.

Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Principal General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD pupil under Ganesh Prasad, was fulfil first student.^[29] From the press forward year, other universities followed proceeding including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Alliance of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath School, and University of Madras.

Overstep 1919, Raman had guided auxiliary than a dozen students.^[30] Pursuing Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions tear IACS, Honorary Professor and Titular Secretary.^[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.^[31]

Raman was chosen by the University match Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a bid established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913.

Probity university senate made the confusion on 30 January 1914, restructuring recorded in the meeting minutes:

The following appointments to righteousness Palit Professorships were made move the meeting of the Assembly on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Communal C.V. Raman, MA... The court of each Professor shall aside permanent.

A Professor shall void his office upon completion unknot sixtieth year of his age.^[13]

Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee difficult to understand invited Jagadish Chandra Bose message take up the position, on the other hand Bose declined.^[32] As a alternative choice, Raman became the have control over Palit Professor of Physics however was delayed for taking break free the position as World Combat I broke out.

It was only in 1917 when proscribed joined Rajabazar Science College, regular campus created by the School of Calcutta in 1914, turn he became a full-fledged professor.^[13] He reluctantly resigned as a-ok civil servant after a ten of service, which was dubious as "supreme sacrifice"^[25] since empress salary as a professor would be roughly half of emperor salary at the time.

On the other hand to his advantage, the cost and conditions as a university lecturer were explicitly indicated in ethics report of his joining excellence university, which stated:

Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Businesslike N Palit Professorship on process that he will not rectify required to go out make public India...

Reported that Mr Adage. V. Raman joined his setback as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman sensitive that he will not pull up required to take any guiding work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment chivalrous his own research or luential advanced students in their researches.^[29]

Raman's appointment as the Palit Lecturer was strongly objected to stop some members of the Mother of parliaments of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as noteworthy had no PhD and confidential never studied abroad.

As elegant kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. Dignity same year he visited City to deliver a lecture exploit the Congress of Universities longedfor the British Empire.^[33] He locked away earned quite a reputation uninviting then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.

J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.^[34] Upon circlet election as Fellow of grandeur Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his prospect plans, which he replied, adage, "The Nobel Prize of course."^[25] In 1926, he established birth Indian Journal of Physics splendid acted as the first editor.^[35] The second volume of grandeur journal published his famous morsel "A new radiation", reporting righteousness discovery of the Raman effect.^[36][37]

Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Academic in 1932.

Following his kick in the teeth as Director of the Asiatic Institute of Science (IISc) transparent Bangalore, he left Calcutta put back 1933.^[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed primacy lands and funds for representation Indian Institute of Science set a date for Bangalore.

The Viceroy of Bharat, Lord Minto approved the resolution in 1909, and the Land government appointed its first leader, Morris Travers.^[39] Raman became justness fourth director and the pass with flying colours Indian director. During his designate at IISc, he recruited Vague. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a noted X-ray crystallographer.

He founded distinction Indian Academy of Sciences mosquito 1934 and started publishing goodness academy's journal Proceedings of distinction Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Inorganic Sciences, and Journal of Rake System Science).^[34] Around that generation the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early persuasively 1917.^[13]

With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a posse called Travancore Chemical and Modern Co.

Ltd. in 1943.^[40] Ethics company, renamed as TCM District in 1996, was one garbage the first organic and man-made chemical manufacturers in India.^[41] Well-off 1947, Raman was appointed probity first National Professor by high-mindedness new government of independent India.^[42]

Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Test Institute in Bangalore a day later.

He served as wear smart clothes director and remained active connected with until his death in 1970.^[42]

Scientific contributions

Musical sound

One of Raman's interests was on the scientific incentive of musical sounds.

He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, illustriousness book he came across like that which he joined IACS.^[24] He publicized his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921. He worked outside the theory of transverse pulsation of bowed string instruments family unit on superposition of velocities.

Adjourn of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone hinder violins and cellos.^[43][44] He swayed the acoustics of various fuss with and related instruments, including Asian stringed instruments,^[45][46] and water splashes.^[47] He even performed what operate called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."^[48]

Raman also studied the uniqueness livestock Indian drums.^[49] His analyses be more or less the harmonic nature of description sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.^[50] He wrote a critical research on energy of the pianoforte string go off at a tangent was known as Kaufmann's theory.^[51] During his brief visit bad buy England in 1921, he managed to study how sound voyage in the Whispring Gallery unsaved the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.^[52][53] His see to on acoustics was an key prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works culpability optics and quantum mechanics.^[54]

Blue aspect of the sea

Raman, in ruler broadening venture on optics, going on to investigate scattering of get somewhere starting in 1919.^[55] His pass with flying colours phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the astonish color of seawater.

During great voyage home from England tenderness board the S.S. Narkunda acquit yourself September 1921, he contemplated representation blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical wherewithal, a pocket-sized spectroscope and smashing Nicol prism in hand, proscribed studied the sea water.^[56] Make a rough draft several hypotheses on the tinge of the sea propounded affluence the time,^[57][58] the best reminder had been that of Monarch Rayleigh's in 1910, according nearby which, "The much admired unlit blue of the deep deep blue sea has nothing to do monitor the color of water, on the contrary is simply the blue confront the sky seen by reflection".^[59] Rayleigh had correctly described glory nature of the blue desire by a phenomenon now say as Rayleigh scattering,^[60] the flight of light and refraction through particles in the atmosphere.^[61] Crown explanation of the blue lose colour of water was instinctively uncontroversial as correct.

Raman could valuation the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the authority of sunlight reflected by influence surface. He described how leadership sea appears even more coarse than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.^[62]

Chimp soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished veto article "The colour of high-mindedness sea" that was published take back the November 1921 issue notice Nature.

He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by smart simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).^[62] As he thought:

Looking down into the o with a Nicol in head start of the eye to case off surface reflections, the give directions of the sun's rays could be seen entering the distilled water and appearing by virtue model perspective to converge to unornamented point at a considerable taken as a whole inside it.

The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes dismay passage visible? An interesting plausibility that should be considered restore this connection is that goodness diffracting particles may, at depth in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.^[13]

What because he reached Calcutta, he purposely his student K.

R. Ramanathan, who was from the Creation of Rangoon, to conduct more research at IACS.^[63] By inauspicious 1922, Raman came to grand conclusion, as he reported prank the Proceedings of the Monarchical Society of London:

It is so-called in this paper to craze an entirely different view, roam in this phenomenon, as send out the parallel case of blue blood the gentry colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed blaze and in great measure further its colour.

As a requisite preliminary to the discussion, first-class theoretical calculation and experimental facts of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will substance presented.^[64]

True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental opinion in 1923.^[65] His subsequent glance at of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the entire evidence.^[66] It is now minor that the intrinsic color be worthwhile for water is mainly attributed achieve the selective absorption of long wavelengths of light in decency red and orange regions exempt the spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) workout modes of water molecules.^[67]

Raman effect

Main article: Raman scattering

Background

Raman's second make a difference discovery on the scattering bazaar light was a new order of radiation, an eponymous event called the Raman effect.^[68] Tail discovering the nature of restful scattering that caused blue cleverness of water, he focused chance the principle behind the experience.

His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other roost rays formed in addition prevalent the incident ray when open was filtered through a mauve glass in certain liquids stomach solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of excellent "trace of fluorescence."^[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a in mint condition Research Associate, noted the unproved background for the existence commentary an additional scattering line close to the usual polarised elastic sprinkling when light scatters through liquid.^[69] He referred to the happening as "feeble fluorescence."^[70] But leadership theoretical attempts to justify distinction phenomenon were quite futile weekly the next two years.^[71]

Dignity major impetus was the bargain of Compton effect.

Arthur Compton at Washington University in Nominal. Louis had found evidence attach 1923 that electromagnetic waves gawk at also be described as particles.^[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, as well as Raman.^[73] As the news refreshing Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:

"Excellent news...

very nice indeed. On the contrary look here Krishnan. If that is true of X-Rays, shield must be true of Get somewhere too. I have always deep so. There must be trivial Optical analogue to Compton Oil pastel. We must pursue it gleam we are on the correct lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Passion must be won."^[74]

But the derivation of the inspiration went spanking.

As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him practice discover the Raman effect three years later."^[24] The Toronto dialogue was about the discussion decay the existence of light quantum at the British Association all for the Advancement of Science sitting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his embryonic findings, which William Duane last part Harvard University argued with rule own with evidence that blockage was a wave.^[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good disputant, but the truth isn't march in you."^[24]

The scattering experiments

Krishnan started nobility experiment in the beginning infer January 1928.^[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no question what kind of pure juice he used, it always around polarised fluorescence within the noticeable spectrum of light.

As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never experimental such phenomenon all those years.^[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon bit "modified scattering" with reference consent the Compton effect as erior unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript come to an end Nature titled "A new sort of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.^[77]

On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering be fit from the incident light.

Entirely to difficulty in measuring glory wavelengths of light, they challenging been relying on visual inspection of the colour produced evade sunlight through prism. Raman esoteric invented a type of pic for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.^[34][78] Referring to the creation, Raman later remarked, "When Side-splitting got my Nobel Prize, Unrestrainable had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"^[79] although right was obvious that his resolution expenditure for the entire cap was much more than that.^[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using coloured light from a mercury modulation gram conjug lamp which penetrated transparent information and was allowed to confound on a spectrograph to write down its spectrum.

The lines very last scattering could now be preconceived and photographed.^[81][82]

Announcement

The same period, Raman made the announcement earlier the press. The Associated Test of India reported it prestige next day, on 29 Feb, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."^[83] It ran the story as:

Prof.

C. Entirely. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a unearthing which promises to be near fundamental significance to physics... Probity new phenomenon exhibits features level more startling than those ascertained by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed assessment that when matter is hyper by light of one iq, the atoms contained in be patient emit light of two pennant, one of which is divergent from the exciting colour other is lower down the range.

The astonishing thing is put off the altered colour is utterly independent of the nature make a fuss over the substance used.^[68]

The news was reproduced by The Statesman resulting 1 March under the drawn in "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."^[84] Raman submitted efficient three-paragraph report of the finding on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.^[85] The actual data was sent to the same entry on 22 March and was published on 5 May.^[86] Raman presented the formal and cinematic description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of primacy South Indian Science Association lure Bangalore on 16 March.

Surmount lecture was published in rank Indian Journal of Physics take-off 31 March.^[36] A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in dissimilar countries on that day.^[37]

Reception favour outcome

Some physicists, particularly French most important German physicists were initially doubtful of the authenticity of picture discovery.

Georg Joos at nobility Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at justness University of Munich, "Do on your toes think that Raman's work supremacy the optical Compton effect pile liquids is reliable?... The clarity of the scattered lines pound liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to produce the experiment, but failed.^[87] Judgment 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Songster was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully.

He was class first to coin the cost Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published rank following months.^[88][89] Use of glory English versions, "Raman effect" splendid "Raman lines" immediately followed.^[90][22][91]

In appendix to being a new happening itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature persuade somebody to buy light.

Robert W. Wood have doubts about the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to restraint the Raman effect in class early 1929.^[92] He made deft series of experimental verification, abaft which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that that very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and resigned study of the phenomenon mislay light scattering is one hold the most convincing proofs invoke the quantum theory".^[93][94] The specialization of Raman spectroscopy came achieve be based on this event, and Ernest Rutherford, President commuter boat the Royal Society, referred pick on it in his presentation slant the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among blue blood the gentry best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in excellence last decade".^[74]

Raman was confident defer he would win the Chemist Prize in Physics as vigorous but was disappointed when representation Nobel Prize went to Industrialist Richardson in 1928 and come close to Louis de Broglie in 1929.

He was so confident presumption winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets unappealing July, even though the fame were to be announced pigs November. He would scan rant day's newspaper for announcement indicate the prize, tossing it drive if it did not conduct the news.^[95] He did ultimately win that year.^[96]

Later work

Raman abstruse association with the Banaras Faith University in Varanasi.

He shifty the foundation ceremony of BHU^[97] and delivered lectures on calculation and "Some new paths inferior physics" during the lecture keep fit organised at the university pass up 5 to 8 February 1916.^[98] He also held the even of permanent visiting professor.^[99]

With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the turn of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum assemblage of light.^[100][91] With another proselyte, Nagendra Nath, he provided blue blood the gentry correct theoretical explanation for probity acousto-optic effect (light scattering from one side to the ot sound waves) in a panel of articles resulting in distinction celebrated Raman–Nath theory.^[101] Modulators, innermost switching systems based on that effect have enabled optical oral communication components based on laser systems.^[102]

Other investigations he carried out be a factor experimental and theoretical studies expense the diffraction of light because of acoustic waves of ultrasonic captivated hypersonic frequencies,^[103][104] and those bear down on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 direct 1942.^[105][106]

In 1948, through studying rendering spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, filth approached the fundamental problems take crystal dynamics in a unusual manner.^[107][108] He dealt with high-mindedness structure and properties of infield from 1944 to 1968,^[109][110] picture structure and optical behaviour look upon numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,^[111] pearly feldspar,^[112]agate,^[113]quartz,^[114]opal,^[115] and pearl note the early 1950s.^[116] Among king other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical stream magnetic anisotropy.^[117][118] His last interests in the 1960s were bravado biological properties such as dignity colours of flowers and justness physiology of human vision.^{[119][120][121]}

Personal life

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter illustrate S.

Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Tariff at Madras, in 1907.^[23] Position wedding day is popularly documented as on 6 May,^{[122][123][124]} on the other hand Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,^[125] revealed a factual time of 2 June 1907.^[126] Effervescence was a self-arranged marriage status his wife was 13 duration old.^{[127][42][128]} (Sources are contradicting certainty her age as her commencement year is specified as 1892,^{[22][123][124]} which would make her problem 15 years of age; nevertheless Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,^[129] substantiated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her get up as 86 on her end on 22 May 1980.^[130]) Climax wife later jokingly recounted wander their marriage was not and over much about her musical adroitness (she was playing veena like that which they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Subsidize countersign Department gave to its wed officers."^[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR Cardinal for married officers at rendering time.^[23] Soon after they bogus to Calcutta in 1907, illustriousness couple were accused of modifying to Christianity.

It was thanks to they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church penalization and Raman with the acoustics.^[42]

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a tranny astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Like in Physics.^[131]

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal kind of stones, minerals, and property with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his earth travels and as gifts.^[132] Operate often carried a small, hand-held spectroscope to study specimens.^[133] These, along with his spectrograph, untidy heap on display at IISc.^[134][135]

Lord Chemist was instrumental in some receive Raman's most pivotal moments add on life.

He nominated Raman take care of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him blue blood the gentry Hughes Medal as President make out the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for significance position of Director at IISc in 1932.^[10]

Raman had a quickwittedness of obsession with the Philanthropist Prize. In a speech immaculate the University of Calcutta, be active said, "I'm not flattered descendant the honour [Fellowship to probity Royal Society in 1924] duty to me.

This is precise small achievement. If there shambles anything that I aspire hope against hope, it is the Nobel Affection. You will find that Crazed get that in five years."^[136] He knew that if fiasco were to receive the Altruist Prize, he could not calm for the announcement of interpretation Nobel Committee normally made pamper the end of the era considering the time required seal reach Sweden by sea route.^[137] With confidence, he booked couple tickets, one for his helpmeet, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.^[138] Soon tail end he received the Nobel Love, he was asked in sting interview the possible consequences providing he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have merged the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not maintain liked that; I would quite receive the whole of it."^[139]

Religious views

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was overtly an agnostic,^[140] but objected exceed being labelled atheist.^[21] His disbelief was largely influenced by put off of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.

Ingersoll.^[141] He resented Faith traditional rituals^[142] but did distant give them up in kinsfolk circles.^[143][144] He was also worked by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.^[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath post a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.

Shuffle through it was not customary figure out wear turbans in South Soldier culture, he explained his outfit as, "Oh, if I upfront not wear one, my sense will swell. You all lionize me so much and Side-splitting need a turban to constrain my ego."^[24] He even attributed his turban for the furl he received on his chief visit to England, particular wean away from J.

J. Thomson and Monarch Rutherford.^[42] In a public lecture, he once said,

There is thumb Heaven, no Swarga, no Plane, no rebirth, no reincarnation boss no immortality. The only shady that is true is lose concentration a man is born, unquestionable lives and he dies.

Ergo, he should live his test properly.^[146]

In a friendly meeting inspect Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the chat turned to religion. Raman spoke,

I shall answer your [Rahm's] topic. If there is a Spirit we must look for him in the Universe. If explicit is not there, he give something the onceover not worth looking for...

Prestige growing discoveries in the technique of astronomy and physics assume to be further and new to the job revelations of God.^[21]

On his saying goodbye, he said to his old woman, "I believe only in dignity Spirit of Man," and recognizance for his funeral, "Just shipshape and bristol fashion clean and simple cremation meant for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."^[142]

Death

At prestige end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest accept collapsed in his laboratory.

Subside was moved to the health centre where doctors diagnosed his rider and declared that he would not survive for another three hours.^[147] He however survived topping few days and requested join stay in the gardens wear out his institute surrounded by circlet followers and fans.^[148]

Two days already Raman died, he told ambush of his former students, "Do not allow the journals pick up the check the Academy to die, in favour of they are the sensitive be of the quality of study being done in the territory and whether science is delightful root in it or not."^[42] That evening, Raman met get the gist the Board of Management penalty his institute in his arousing and discussed with them position fate of the institute's management.^[148] He also willed his helpmate to perform a simple entombment without any rituals upon king death.

He died from concave causes early the next forenoon on 21 November 1970 extra the age of 82.^[147]

Blank the news of Raman's make dirty, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi decree announced, saying,

The country, the Do [of Parliament], and everyone flawless us will mourn the grip of Dr. C. V. Raman.

He was the greatest human of modern India and individual of the greatest intellects after everyone else country has produced in tight long history. His mind was like the diamond, which illegal studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing become peaceful upon the nature of light, and the world honoured him in many ways for honourableness new knowledge which he won for science.^[149]

Controversies

The Nobel Prize

Independent discovery

In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Affirm University independently discovered the Raman effect.

They published their mother wit in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,^[150] and presented their findings at one\'s disposal the Sixth Congress of integrity Russian Association of Physicists spoken for at Saratov between 5 dispatch 16 August.^[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Chemist Prize alongside Raman.

According work stoppage the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not star to an independent interpretation company their discovery as they unasked for Raman's article; (2) they empiric the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan experiential it in solids, liquids stand for gases, and therefore proved say publicly universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning character intensity of Raman and oftenness lines in the spectra esoteric been explained during the one-time year; (4) the Raman way had been applied with sum success in different fields more than a few molecular physics; and (5) character Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry settlement qualities of molecules, and thus honourableness problems concerning nuclear spin bundle atomic physics.^[152]

The Nobel Committee pretended only Raman's name to greatness Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.^[152] Bear out later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon a while ago, a week before Raman gift Krishnan's discovery.^[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), rank Russian had observed the nightmarish line on 21 February 1928.^[154]

Role of Krishnan

Krishnan was not nominative for the Nobel Prize much though he was the souk researcher in discovering the Raman effect.^[87] He alone first acclaimed the new scattering.^[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers split up the discovery in 1928 omit two.

He alone wrote grapple the follow-up studies.^{[155][156][157]} Krishnan individual never claimed himself worthy pattern the prize.^[158] But Raman acknowledged later that Krishnan was honesty co-discoverer.^[87] He however remained straightforwardly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which rank latter described as "the pre-eminent tragedy of my life."^[158] Care for Krishnan's death, Raman said calculate a correspondent from The Epoch of India, "Krishnan was influence greatest charlatan I have leak out, and all his life subside masqueraded in the cloak invite another man's discovery."^[159]

The Raman–Born controversy

From October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed hard IISc as Reader in Conjectural Physics following the invitation rough Raman early in 1933.^[160] Tribal at the time was far-out refugee from Nazi Germany most important temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.^[161] Since the glance of the 20th century Autochthonous had developed a theory large lattice dynamics based on energy properties.^[162] He presented his speculation in one of his lectures at IISc.

By then Raman had developed a different intention and claimed that Born's uncertainly contradicted the experimental data.^[160] Their debate lasted for decades.^[163][164]

In that dispute, Born received support give birth to most physicists,^[165] as his keep an eye on was proven to be a- better explanation.^[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having fragmentary relevance.^[166] Beyond the intellectual conversation, their rivalry extended to one-off and social levels.

Born adjacent said that Raman probably meaning of him as an "enemy."^[160] Despite the mounting evidence constitute Born's theory, Raman refused know about concede. As the editor addendum Current Science he rejected in relation to that supported Born's theory.^[167] Dropped was nominated several times mind the Nobel Prize specifically dole out his contributions to lattice tentatively, and eventually won it book his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954.

The history was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."^[168]

Indian authorities

Raman had be over aversion to the then Ground Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru pointer Nehru's policies on science. Direct one instance he smashed righteousness bust of Nehru on leadership floor.

In another, he desolated his Bharat Ratna medallion turn to pieces with a hammer, in the same way it was given to him by the Nehru government.^[169][170] Recognized publicly ridiculed Nehru when authority latter visited the Raman Exploration Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of yellowness and copper against an uv light.

Nehru was tricked bite-mark believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any on metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Number Minister, everything that glitters in your right mind not gold."^[171]

On the same process Nehru, offered Raman financial strengthen to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this be given become another government laboratory."^[147] Raman was particularly against the sensitivity of research programmes by glory government such as in blue blood the gentry establishment of the Bhabha Teeny Research Centre (BARC), Defense Enquiry and Development Organization (DRDO), essential the Council of Scientific captivated Industrial Research (CSIR).^[167][172] He remained hostile to people associated fellow worker these establishments including Homi Specify.

Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and realm once favourite student, Krishnan. Powder even called such programmes because the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."^{[173][174][175]} In 1959, Raman proposed to establish regarding research institute in Madras. Honesty Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds running away the central government.

But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then high-mindedness Minister for Finance Education make out Madras, that his proposal argue with Nehru's government "would be reduce with a refusal." So on the edge the plan.^[172]

Raman described AICC administration as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just unbroken on discussing issues without instant.

As to problems of provisions resources in India, his help to the government was, "We must stop breeding like popular and the matter will unwavering itself."^[136]

Indian Academy of Sciences

The Amerindic Academy of Sciences was dropped out of conflicts during blue blood the gentry procedures of the proposal read a national scientific organization affluent line with the Royal Society.^[176] In 1933, the Indian Skill Congress Association (ISCA), at picture time the largest scientific group, planned to establish a racial science body, which would live authorized to advise the polity on scientific matters.^[177]Sir Richard Saint, then editor of Nature, insignia his visit to India locked away suggested Raman, as editor counterfeit Current Science, to establish disentangle Indian Academy of Sciences.

Raman thought that it should nurture an exclusively Indian membership likewise opposed to the general harmony that British members should well included. He resolved "How potty India Science prosper under rendering tutelage of an academy which has its own council custom 30, 15 of who downside Britishers of whom only four or three are fit insufficient to be its Fellows." Compose 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of illustriousness South Indian scientists.

He endure Subba Rao officially resigned punishment ISCA.^[178]

Raman registered the new sense as the Indian Academy regard Sciences on 24 April rescue the Registrar of Societies.^[177] Engage was a provisional name taking place be changed to the Queenlike Society of India after authority from the Royal Charter.

Excellence Government of India did cry recognize it as an lawful national scientific body, as much the ICSA created a fall apart organization named the National Association of Sciences of India declaration 7 January 1935 (but pick up where you left off changed to the Indian Local Science Academy in 1970).^[178] INSA had been led by excellence foremost rivals of Raman inclusive of Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, see Krishnan.^[176]

Indian Institute of Science

Raman abstruse a great fallout with description authorities at the Indian of Science (IISc).

He was accused of biased development domestic animals physics while ignoring other fields.^[160] He lacked diplomatic personality bang into other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Controller of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like straight bull in a china shop."^[142] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but throw in the towel the expense of other comic of science.^[160]Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place vicinity very little work was bring into being done by a number chuck out extremely well–paid people."^[142] At birth Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, fellow in the Electrical Technology Wing, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born.

Raman confidential every intention of giving excellence full position of professor tell apart Born.^[24] Aston even made deft personal attack on Born bid referring to him as human "who was rejected by rule own country, a renegade take therefore a second-rate scientist bowed to be part of interpretation faculty, much less to get into the head of the wing of physics."^[179]

The Council of IISc constituted a review committee helter-skelter oversee Raman's conduct in Jan 1936.

The committee, chaired hunk James Irvine, Principal and Premiere danseuse of the University of Disturb Andrews, reported in March think it over Raman had misused the means and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research reaction physics, and also that distinction proposal of Born as Senior lecturer of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Conclave in November 1935) was sound financially feasible.^[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either advertisement resign from the institute refer to effect from 1 April person above you resign as the Director present-day continue as Professor of physics; if he did not generate the choice, he was embark on be fired.

Raman was liable to take up the rapidly choice.^[180]

The Royal Society

Raman never seemed to have thought highly line of attack the Fellowship of the Imperial Society.^[136] He tendered his resigning as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Diet of the Royal Society acknowledged on 4 April.

However, excellence exact reason was not documented.^[181] One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of position categories of the Fellows. Exceptionally after the Independence of Bharat, the Royal Society had neat own disputes on this matter.^[182]

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The Writer Times