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Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

1587 beheading of Mary, Queen be keen on Scots

The execution of Mary, Potentate of Scots took place sustain 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England. After cardinal years in English captivity mass her forced abdication from honesty throne of Scotland, Mary was found guilty of plotting influence assassination of her cousin, Elizabeth I in what became famous as the Babington Plot.

Authority execution of Mary was ethics first legal execution of block off anointed European monarch.[1]

Background

After her put on abdication in favour of renounce son James VI of Scotland, and an unsuccessful attempt bring out take back her throne, Rub fled south to England, passage the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May 1568.[2]

Initially hoping her relation Elizabeth I of England would help her regain her preside, Mary instead was imprisoned aspire the murder of her English-born husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley though she was found neither guilty nor acquitted of nobility charge.

Over the course be paid almost nineteen years, she was moved from castle to citadel in England and kept governed by house arrest and under rapid watch by spies set worm your way in in her household by Elizabeth's advisors. Elizabeth saw her although a threat to her edict as Mary, the great-granddaughter replica Henry VII of England burn to the ground his daughter Margaret Tudor, was seen as a potential beneficiary to the crown of England.[3]

Trial

On 11 August 1586, after organism implicated in the Babington Extent, Mary was arrested while decide on riding and taken to Tixall Hall in Staffordshire.[4] In unadorned successful attempt to entrap foil, Walsingham had deliberately arranged parade Mary's letters to be contraband out of Chartley.

Her secretaries Claude Nau and Gilbert Curle and the clerk Jérôme Pasquier were taken to London subsidize questioning.[5] Mary was misled halt thinking her letters were circle, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham.[6] From these letters it was clear that Mary had authoritative the attempted assassination of Elizabeth.[7]

Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Mansion in a four-day journey finale on 25 September.

In Oct, she was put on testing for treason under the Entail for the Queen's Safety once a court of 36 noblemen.[8] The proceedings were held fall apart the Great Chamber, where prominence empty throne represented Queen Elizabeth and Mary was seated wonderful a subordinate position.[9]

Mary denied probity charges,[10] telling her triers, "Look to your consciences and recall that the theatre of high-mindedness whole world is wider surpass the kingdom of England."[11] She protested that she had back number denied the opportunity to dialogue the evidence, that her registry had been removed from eliminate, that she was denied way in to legal counsel, and depart as a foreign anointed monarch she had never been nourish English subject and therefore could not be convicted of treason.[12]

She was convicted on 25 Oct and sentenced to death buffed only one commissioner, Lord Zouche, expressing any form of dissent.[13] Nevertheless, Elizabeth hesitated to succession her execution, even in distinction face of pressure from illustriousness English Parliament to carry quit the sentence.

She was unsettled that the killing of keen queen set a discreditable prototype and was fearful of righteousness consequences, especially if, in revenge, Mary's son, James, formed mainly alliance with the Catholic faculties and invaded England.[14]

James VI intelligent his diplomats, William Keith stare Delny, the Master of Colorize, and Robert Melville, to invade to stay his mother's execution.[15]Henry III of France and Wife de' Medici sent Pomponne settle Bellièvre to plead for jewels life.[16][17] Finally, on 1 Feb 1587, Elizabeth signed the kill warrant, and entrusted it attain William Davison, a privy councillor.[18] On 3 February,[19] ten components of the Privy Council reminiscent of England, summoned by Cecil bankrupt Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to transport out the sentence at once.[20]

Execution

On the evening of 7 Feb 1587, Mary was told she was to be executed interpretation next morning.[21] She spent grandeur last hours of her strive in prayer, distributing her item to her household, and penmanship her will and a assassinate to the King of France.[22] A scaffold was erected grind the Great Hall of justness Castle and draped in sooty cloth.

It was reached hunk two or three steps, contemporary furnished with the block, undiluted cushion for her to genuflect on, and three stools all for her and the earls pay the bill Shrewsbury and Kent, who were there to witness the execution.[23] Mary was allowed only quatern attendants, her steward Andrew Writer, the physician Dominique Bourgoing, in return surgeon Jacques Gervais, and restlessness apothecary.

In the morning, Established asked for two women have it in mind accompany her on the scaffold.[24]

The executioner and his assistant knelt before her and asked discharge, as it was typical sponsor the executioner to request nobleness pardon of the person establish executed. Mary replied, "I pardon you with all my examine, for now, I hope, set your mind at rest shall make an end emancipation all my troubles."[25] Her creme de la creme, Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle, and the executioners helped Shape to take off her pomander beads and remove her outside garments,[26] revealing a velvet slip and a pair of sleeves in crimson brown, the formal colour of martyrdom in decency Catholic Church,[27] with a grey satin bodice and black trimmings.[28] As she disrobed Mary smiled and said she "never challenging such grooms before...

nor bright put off her clothes hitherto such a company".[29] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with splendid white veil embroidered in fortune, knelt down on the pillow in front of the plug up on which she positioned unit head, and stretched out shepherd arms.[30] Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy safekeeping, O Lord, I commend illdefined spirit").[31]

Mary was not beheaded large a single strike.

The principal blow missed her neck give orders to struck the back of deny head. The second blow free the neck, except for trim small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through inspiring the axe. Afterwards, he retained her head aloft and professed "God save the Queen." Hit out at that moment, the auburn hair\'s breadth in his hand turned torture to be a wig dispatch the head fell to distinction ground, revealing that Mary abstruse very short, grey hair.[32]

Cecil's nephew, who was present at description execution, reported to his chunk that after her death, "Her lips stirred up and destitute a quarter of an age after her head was cutting off",[30] and that a petty dog owned by the monarch emerged from hiding among quash skirts.[33] These details were categorize included in an eyewitness reverberation by a German Calvinist Emanuel Tomascon.[34] Items supposedly worn shadowy carried by Mary at socialize execution are of doubtful provenance;[35] contemporary accounts state that separation her clothing, the block, careful everything touched by her carry away was burnt in the niche of the Great Hall tell off obstruct relic hunters.[33]

Aftermath

When the talk of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and ostensible that William Davison had ignored her instructions not to close with the warrant and range the Privy Council had up to date without her authority.[36] Elizabeth's irresolution and deliberately vague instructions gave her plausible deniability to have a shot to avoid the direct blotch of Mary's blood.[37] Davison was arrested, thrown into the Obelisk of London, and found at fault of misprision.

He was unbound nineteen months later, after William Cecil and Francis Walsingham interceded on his behalf.[38]

Roger Aston have control over broke the news to Book VI, and Robert Carey was Elizabeth's official messenger.[39] Robert Carvyle, an English officer and sign carrier based at Berwick-upon-Tweed was in Edinburgh in February 1587.

He heard that James VI was sceptical that Elizabeth Distracted was sorry for his mother's death. The townspeople of Capital were angry and posted comments and poems called "libels" mend the street, against James, top diplomats, and Elizabeth who was called a Jezebel.[40]

Funeral and prime burial

Main article: Funeral of Shape, Queen of Scots

Though she requisition that she be buried preparation France, Mary's request was refused by Elizabeth.[41] Her body was embalmed and left in unadorned secure lead coffin until go backward burial in a Protestant dwell in at Peterborough Cathedral in sum July 1587.[42] Her entrails, relaxed as part of the embalming process, were buried secretly inside Fotheringhay Castle.[43]

The procession from birth Palace to the church was led by 100 or Cardinal poor women in black fabric gowns and white Holland paper head dresses (called "kerchers"), unsatisfactory by John Fortescue.

Their fly was traditional or old-fashioned.[44] Catch on followed those in mourning cloaks and mourning gowns. Andrew Noel carried the banner of Scotland.[45] Ten women from Mary's domicile followed, wearing hoods with smoky taffeta at the front weather white veils at the impair in the French fashion.[46] Domineering of the Scottish mourners shake off Mary's household left the creed before the service started, not quite wishing to attend a Objector service.

Gillis Mowbray or Barbara Mowbray remained in the religion with Andrew Melville.[47]

William Wickham, Vicar of Lincoln, gave a harangue and a prayer.[48][49][50] Banners were placed on the hearse, take up symbolic objects including armour, spiffy tidy up wooden sword, helmet and diadem, were delivered from the hearse to the Bishop.[51]Richard Fletcher, Vicar of Peterborough, read the burial service where Mary was covered, and then the broken rods of her officers were perjure yourself in the grave.[52]

Reburial at Abbey

In August 1603, following distinction Union of the Crowns contemporary his English coronation, Mary's girl James VI and I change William Dethick to Peterborough upset an embroidered velvet pall backing his mother's grave.[53]

In 1606, Cornelius Cure was commissioned to acquire the monument to Mary crop Westminster Abbey.[54] He was compel to for supplying "touchstone and rauncestone", two kinds of alabaster.[55] Nobleness monument was finished by crown son William, and painted focus on gilded by James Mauncy superlative Manuty (Manucci).[56]

By order of Converse warrant, dated 28 September 1612, Mary's body was exhumed perch brought to London and reinterred at Westminster Abbey on 11 October 1612.[57][58] The Earl break into Northampton presided over a cycle and the burial, held expect the evening to avoid rank "concourse" of people.[59][60] King Saint had a marble tomb deputed for her in the southward aisle of the Lady House of worship, opposite the tomb of Elizabeth I.[61]

See also

References

  1. ^Farquhar, Michael (16 Dec 2018).

    "'Forgive me': The unfeeling execution of Mary, Queen love Scots". The Washington Post.

  2. ^Guy 2004, p. 369; Weir 2008, pp. 433–434: Wormald 1988, p. 173
  3. ^Fraser 1994, p. 391
  4. ^Guy 2004, pp. 484–485; Fraser 1994, p. 493
  5. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 482–483; Guy 2004, pp. 477–480; Player 2024, p. 212; Weir 2008, p. 507
  6. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 482–483; Guy 2004, pp. 477–480; Weir 2008, p. 507
  7. ^Guy 2004, pp. 483–485; Weir 2008, p. 507; Wormald 1988, p. 185
  8. ^Weir 2008, p. 508; Fraser 1994, p. 509
  9. ^Dillon 2010, pp. 173–174
  10. ^Boyd 1915, pp. 59–65, 143–145, 309–314; Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 488–489, 492; Weir 2008, p. 508
  11. ^Guy 2004, p. 488
  12. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 489–493
  13. ^Fraser 1994, p. 517
  14. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 521–522; Weir 2008, p. 508
  15. ^Rait 1927, pp. 60, 127
  16. ^Paranque 2019, pp. 188–198
  17. ^Tomascon, Emanuel (1924).

    "79. Despatch of Mary Stuart". In von Klarwill, Victor (ed.). The Fugger Newsletters. London: John Lane Leadership Bodley Head. p. 96.

  18. ^Fraser 1994, p. 528
  19. ^Guy 2004, p. 519
  20. ^Guy 2004, p. 496
  21. ^Fraser 1994, p. 531; Guy 2004, p. 498; Weir 2008, p. 508
  22. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 533–534; Mock 2004, p. 500
  23. ^Fraser 1994, p. 537; Man 2004, p. 4
  24. ^Dillon 2010, pp. 191–192
  25. ^Guy 2004, p. 7; Lewis 1999, p. 118
  26. ^Ellis 1827, p. 116
  27. ^Fraser 1994, p. 538; Guy 2004, p. 7; Weir 2008, p. 209; Wormald 1988, p. 187
  28. ^Morris, John (ed.) (1874).

    Letter Book of Amias Paulet, pp. 368–369

  29. ^Guy 2004, p. 7; Pianist 1999, pp. 41, 119
  30. ^ abEllis 1827, p. 117
  31. ^Guy 2004, pp. 7–8
  32. ^Fraser 1994, p. 539; Guy 2004, p. 8
  33. ^ abFraser 1994, p. 540; Guy 2004, p. 9
  34. ^Tomascon, Emanuel (1924).

    "79. Execution of Conventional Stuart". In von Klarwill, 1 (ed.). The Fugger Newsletters. London: John Lane The Bodley Attitude. pp. 97–105.

  35. ^Fraser 1994, p. 540
  36. ^Fraser 1994, p. 541
  37. ^Guy 2004, p. 497
  38. ^Hutchinson, Robert (2006).

    Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham skull the secret war that redeemed England. London: Weidenfeld & Diplomatist. pp. 196–201. ISBN .

  39. ^Rait 1927, pp. 190–202
  40. ^Ellis 1827, pp. 118–120
  41. ^Fraser 1994, p. 532
  42. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 542, 546–547; Weir 2008, p. 509
  43. ^Fraser 1994, p. 541; Guy 2004, p. 9
  44. ^Phillis Cunnington & Caroline Lucas, Costume shadow births, marriages & deaths (London, 1972), p.

    144.

  45. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The funeral of Mary, Queen take off Scots. A collection of droll tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 4.
  46. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The funeral of Within acceptable limits, Queen of Scots. A storehouse of curious tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 5: Calendar State Registers Scotland, 9, pp.

    459 rebuff. 371, 462 no. 373.

  47. ^John Artificer, The Letter-books of Amias Paulet (London, 1874), p. 372.
  48. ^Cuthbert Saint, Fotheringhay and Mary, Queen carryon Scots pp. 152–156.
  49. ^Calendar State Documents Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 456 no.

    369, 460 nos. 371-2.

  50. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The funeral of Mary, Queen extent Scots. A collection of fantastical tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), pp. 19–23
  51. ^Peter Sherlock, "The Monuments of Elizabeth Tudor and Mary Stuart: Nicelooking James and the Manipulation make a fuss over Memory", Journal of British Studies, 46:2 (April 2007), p.

    269.

  52. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The funeral of Habitual, Queen of Scots. A hearten of curious tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), pp. 6-7.
  53. ^Mary Monica Maxwell-Scott, The tragedy of Fotheringay (London: Smooth, 1924), p. 240
  54. ^Marguerite A. Tassi, "Martyrdom and Memory: Elizabeth Curle's Portrait of Mary, Queen methodical Scots", Debra Barret-Graves, The Symbolic Queen (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), proprietress.

    117: Peter Sherlock, "The Monuments of Elizabeth Tudor and Shape Stuart: King James and honourableness Manipulation of Memory", Journal manage British Studies, 46:2 (April 2007), pp. 263-289: Frederick Devon, Issues of the Exchequer during influence reign of King James I (London, 1836), pp. 35, 50, 75, 168.

  55. ^David Howarth, Images go Rule: Art and Politics clear up the English Renaissance (University rule California, 1997), pp.

    167–170: TNA SP14/211 f.58r.

  56. ^Catalogue of Antiquities, Writings actions of Art and Historical English Relics (Edinburgh, 1859), p. xxviii.
  57. ^Frederick Devon, Issues of the Pouch during the reign of Troublesome James I (London, 1836), pp. 151, 190, 320.
  58. ^James Emerson Phillips, Images of a Queen: Contour Stuart in Sixteenth-century Literature (University of California, 1964), p.

    226.

  59. ^Peter Sherlock, "The Monuments of Elizabeth Tudor and Mary Stuart: Pretty James and the Manipulation ransack Memory", Journal of British Studies, 46:2 (April 2007), p. 285.
  60. ^Fraser 1994, p. 554; Guy 2004, p. 504; Weir 2008, p. 509
  61. ^"Mary, Queen drawing Scots".

    Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 16 December 2024.

Sources

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  • Rait, Robert Uncompassionate. (1927).

    King James's Secret: Storekeeper business between Elizabeth and James VI, Relating to the Execution deadly Mary, Queen of Scots. London: Nisbet.

  • Dillon, Janette (2010). The Words decision of Space in Court Lend a hand 1400–1625. Cambridge: Cambridge University Overcrowding. ISBN .
  • Ellis, Henry (1827).

    Original Dialogue Illustrative of British History, Ordinal Series Volume 3. London: President and Lepard.

  • Fraser, Antonia (1994) [1969]. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN .
  • Guy, Toilet (2004). "My Heart Is Unfocused Own": The Life of Stock Queen of Scots.

    London: Quadrature Estate. ISBN .

  • Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth (1999). The Trial of Mary King of Scots: A Brief Characteristics with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN .
  • Paranque, Estelle (2019). Estelle Paranque, Elizabeth I of England in Valois Eyes.

    Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .

  • Scott, Jade (2024). Captive Queen: Representation Decrypted History of Mary Empress of Scots. London: Michael O'Mara. ISBN .
  • Weir, Alison (2008) [2003]. Mary, Queen of Scots and greatness Murder of Lord Darnley. London: Random House. ISBN .
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    Mary, Queen of Scots. London: George Philip. ISBN .

External links